The alien space of science: Coherent but cognitively unavailable directions

Scientific discovery is constrained not only by what is true, but by what is cognitively available to researchers. Many directions are coherent in light of the literature yet unlikely to be proposed because no existing community combines the relevant concepts, methods, and intuitions. Modern language models inherit this bias, recombining high-density regions of the literature when prompted for novel ideas. We target the complementary region, the alien space of science: directions that are scientifically plausible but unlikely under the distribution of existing researchers. Our method decomposes papers into conceptual units and clusters them into a vocabulary of idea atoms. A coherence model scores whether atom combinations form viable research directions, while an availability model scores whether any existing author community is positioned to produce them. We rank combinations to maximize coherence while minimizing availability. On 16,068 peer-reviewed LLM papers from NeurIPS, ICLR, I